What endocrine disorder is caused by high levels of cortisol and characterized by a buffalo hump and moon face?

Cushing's syndrome is an endocrine disorder that arises due to prolonged exposure to elevated levels of cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. This condition is often identifiable by specific symptoms, including the characteristic buffalo hump—a fatty deposit that forms on the back of the neck—and a moon face, which refers to a rounded, puffy appearance of the face. The excessive cortisol levels can result from various factors, including pituitary tumors, adrenal tumors, or prolonged use of corticosteroid medications.

The symptoms of Cushing's syndrome are significant indicators for healthcare professionals, as they relate directly to the hormonal imbalance caused by the excess cortisol. The diagnosis often involves clinical assessments and hormonal testing to confirm elevated cortisol levels.

In contrast, the other options pertain to different endocrine disorders that do not exhibit the same hallmark symptoms associated with Cushing's syndrome. Addison's disease is characterized by insufficient cortisol production, leading to fatigue and weight loss. Hypothyroidism involves insufficient thyroid hormone production, resulting in symptoms like weight gain and fatigue but lacks the distinct facial and physical changes seen in Cushing's. Diabetes mellitus is primarily associated with issues related to insulin and blood sugar regulation rather than cortisol levels or the specific physical manifestations described. Thus, Cushing's syndrome is the correct answer